History courswork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History courswork - Essay Example Rivera’s economic policies to fund public works and industrialization were unpopular and, losing army support, he resigned in 1930. The Spanish voted by a large majority for a Republic and Alfonso went into exile in 1931. In the following general election, the Left Wing parties, led by the Socialists, won a definite majority. Manuel Azana became President and introduced agrarian reforms, advocated the autonomy of Catalonia and the Basque region, deprived the powerful Roman Catholic Church of its’ privileges, nationalized many of the large Spanish Estates and attempted to reduce the military’s hold over the country. By these measures, the Republican Government alienated four powerful groups: the landowners, the church, the military and the industrialists. After a failed military coup in 1932, these groups formed a new right wing political party called the CEDA. Agitations by the extreme left against the moderate Azana Government led to the call for General Electio ns in November 1933, in which the Right Wing won a majority and CEDA formed the government under Gil Robles. The Right undermined the previous reforms, again leading to violent strikes by the opposition. General Elections were again called in February 1936 and a coalition of Left political parties came to power as the Popular Front, with Azana again the President. Infighting among the constituents of the Front seriously undermined the authority of the government. The governments’ economic policies brought about a crisis and the workers went on strike. The Right Wing groups, which had formed a coalition called the National Front, started a military coup on 19 July, 1936 led by military officers like Francisco Franco. Franco led a successful revolt in Spanish Morocco and the Spanish Civil War began. The Republican and Nationalist armies were more or less on par, but the equation changed with the start of International intervention. Germany took the first step with the dispatch of military

Theodore Roosevelt and his contribution to America Research Paper

Theodore Roosevelt and his contribution to America - Research Paper Example He used these enhancements to make serious and positive changes to the US. He focused upon some of the most important questions concerning the power of the government and the individuals within a nation. Body US was experiencing heavy amount of economic growth and was being regarded as the wealthiest nation when Roosevelt replaced McKinley as president. US were leading throughout the world in the production of iron, coal steel and timber when Roosevelt came into action. During that era US even experienced growth in the rate of population and exports. The growth experienced by US was beneficial but equally disastrous as this growth brought poverty, increase in child labor, unpleasant working conditions and unequal distribution of wealth. Roosevelt was of the opinion that government should intervene and limit the freedom enjoyed by private enterprises. Due to this he started regulating private businesses by making several changes to the laws and constitution, some of these changes in laws includes: the drug act, laws regarding the safety and inspection of working conditions in industries and the Pure Food Act (D'Silva 262). Although these changes were not appreciated by the business communi ty during that time period but today the importance of these changes are recognized by the citizens of US. Roosevelt was clearly of the opinion that one aspect of the society that should be directed and supervised by the government was the economy of a country. The laws and regulations added to the constitution by the president have aided the society in bringing Private Corporations such as Enron and Microsoft to justice. During the period of 1912, he tried for the third term as president under the Progressive Political party, during this session he coined and promoted some of the various changes to constitution that were later enacted under president Franklin, these changes included the stock market regulation, minimum wage clause and the Social security clause. Roosevelt played the role of an activist not only in America but throughout the world as he promoted the role of the United States as world power. During the period of 1898 US was at war with the Spanish nations and soon co nquered them, after the war US became responsible for supervising territories such as Cuba and Puerto Rico (O'Toole 300). President Roosevelt was a part of the war as an American solider and later he supported and made the American citizens realize that US was a global power. He was even a promoter of democracy as he promoted the Marshall Plan which was enacted after his death. The legacies of the president were a gift to the world and to the future of US, he was in love with the natural beauty, he liked to experience adventures such as hiking and climbing and he was the first president of US to make the issues experienced by environment as a issue to be countered by the government. He was persuaded by the Sierra Club and the chief of the US forests to take the issue of protecting the environment to the federal level as the issue could not be countered on the state level (O'Toole 240). His love for preserving the environment and his love for nature made him create policies in order o protect the

Rabbit Proof Fence Essay Example for Free

Rabbit Proof Fence Essay Alabama† uses literary techniques such as symbolism, repetition and rhyme to express the journey being undertaken by Skynard. Each of these texts explore the notion that it is the journey, not the desitination that is important. The use of symbolism in Rabbit Proof Fence is used to explore the concept that the journey not the distination matters. Symbolism is the use of one object to represent a notion or other object. The inclusion of the spirit bird in the story explores the importance of religion to the girls and the importance of the journey. As mentiioined in an aearlier scene, the spirit bird appears (over the exhausted Molly and Gracie) and awakens them from their sleep. This is used to refer to hope and provides in indication that they will make it home, and will have spiritually benefited from their journey. The use of symbolism lends to the notion that it is indeed the journey, not the destination that matters. Different lighting techniques enable the notion of the journey being the thing that matters to be convery to the viewer. Lighting specific to the mood is used to infer location, time and the changing nature of the journey. The harsh brightness throughout the journey is a portrayal of the unforgiving locale and conditions needing to be overcome in order to reach the destination. The most relevant and important example of this being the pitch black used when the girls are reunited with Maud. This sued of darkness is used to imply the solemn nature of the arrival, and is accompanied by Molly’s statement â€Å"I lost one† which is indicativbe of the importance of the journey, rather than the final destination. Camera angles are used by Noyce to explore the idea that it is the journey, not the destination that matters. The panning long shot of the horizon (used at the commencement of the journey, when the three girls escape Moore River) is used to express the long difficult task at hand, and that in order to arrive home, they must over come a harsh terrain and long journey. The use of such varying camera angles sis indicative that it is the actual journey that matters, as oppose to the final destination. The â€Å"Rabbit Proof Fence† plays two vital roles throughout the journey of Molly, Daisy and Gracie, and is reflective of the importance of the journey. The fence is a representation of a map, as it is a symbol of home for the girls and provides a way in order for them to get home (following the fence). What is later revealed is that the fence has actually proven to be an obstacle, and that they have followed the wrong fence, and must change direction to get home. The ability of the girls to overcome this hurdle, and arrive home is again indicative of the notion that it is the journey – not the destination – that matters when undertaking a physical journey. The growth of Molly throughout the film reflects on the importance of the journey rather than the final outcome achieved. Molly is established from the beginning of the film as a key character, but her growth throughout the journey serves to reaffirm and strengthen this notion. We see her growth into a hunter, a supplier of food and water, and most importantly a maternal figure for her sister and cousin. This is most prominent in the arrival home, with her regretful statement, â€Å"I lost one† The physical journey undertaken enabled Molly to become more empowered, and provided a chance to hone the traditional skills of Aborigines, such as hunting, tracking and finding of water, and for this reason, the journey – not the destination – is what matters from a physical journey.

History of Atomic Theory

History of Atomic Theory The atomic theory is developed since 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that there was a limit to how small one could be divide matter, this smallest matter indivisible particle was called atom. However this atomic theory of Democritus was criticized by Aristotle who proposed a model based on four basic elements of earth, air, fire and water. Aristotles view held for the next 2000 years as it better suited religious beliefs of the time. In 1801, an English teacher named John Dalton proposed his atomic theory which stated matter is composed of all small indivisible atoms, elements contain one type of atom; different elements contain different atoms, compounds contain more than one type of atom. In 1904, British physicist J.J Thomson and others demonstrated that cathode rays (electrons) were present in all matter. Thomson proposed that the atom was a sphere of positive charge in which embedded were rings of negative charges (electrons) , like plums in a pudding. Lather on, in 19 century, the discoveries of radiation leads to a new progress of Physics. We knew that certain elements emitting radiation, this suggested that atoms are no longer indivisible and not indestructible, as proposed in Daltons atomic model. Radiation provides an important tool for the study of matter. In 1911, Rutherford first suggested the use of alpha particles to probe the internal structure of the atom. Finally, the nucleus and its protons were discovered. Rutherfords scattering experiment Ernest Rutherford, directed an experiment to Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, in which the newly discovered alpha particles (Helium nuclei) were fired at a thin gold foil layer which only a few atom thick. At that time the atom was thought to be analogous plum pudding by Thomson with a negative charge (the plum) throughout the positive sphere (the pudding). Most of the alpha particle passed through with no or only very small deflections in a vacuum (see figure), as would been excepted on the Thomson model of the atom current at the time. About 1 in 8000 was deflected through angles greater than 90 degree. The result was so unexpected that Rutherford was very unexpected that Rutherford was promoted to write†¦.it was almost incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue and it came back and hit you. Therefore Rutherford concluded that majority of the mass of the atom was concentrated in the nucleus. The small size of the nucleus explained the small number of the alpha particles that were repelled each other in this way. Rutherford showed that the size of the nucleus was less than about 10 -14m. Bohrs model, how it fit experimental observation Accelerated electrons emitted and lose energy which predicted by Predicted by Maxwell and confirmed by Hertz, however the electron doesnt spin into the nucleus because of energy losing. Later on, In 1903.H.G.J Morseley found simple, regular relationship between the frequencies of X-ray emission line, thus it provided an evidence to support Bohrs model. Scientist began to work on an alternating model to replace it. Bohrs postulates In 1913 the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885~1992), put forward some radical propositions to account for the discrepancies between Rutherfords model of the atom and the available experimental evidence. Bohrs postulates are 1. Electron can remove in certain allowed orbitsstationary states (energy) without radiating energy. 2.when an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, it emits energy that is quantised by the plank relationship E2 E 1= hf. 3. Augular momentum (mvr) is quantised and can only take values of the nh / 2Ï€ when n is the principal quantum number. The first postulate account for the stability of the atom. However why the these stationary state excited was unknown. They exist was a fact. The second postulate explains the line emission spectra. Emission (or absorption) of Energy is discontinuous and corresponds to a transition between two stationary states. Since the energy can be quantized, the emission, the frequency of the emitted (or absorbed) radiation is predetermined. A transition between different states will lead to difference frequencies or colours. The third postulate effectively sets limits on the radius of the allowed orbits. Bohrs model Bohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a spectral fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom. The Rydberg equation which also known as Balmer equation, has given him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom, leading him to going on to further his model and define his postulate. So the hydrogen spectrum was very significant to the development of Bohrs model of the atom, because without the understanding of it, Bohr may not continue his work of the model. Produced and observable when hydrogen gas was excited by the addition of energy. The equation in the original form was modified by Rhydberg until it worked and could be applied to explain the spectrum of hydrogen by using integer values of n, only as suggested by Bohr in his postulates. Quantum number and quantum changes Its possible to determine the energy of each orbit using Bohrs model and from this construct an energy level Figure for hydrogen. The figure below shows the energy these energy levels. Alternatively a transition between stationary states can be show in figure. B. The Balmer series of lines occurs when the electrons fall to the n=2 level from n=2 level n=3,4,5 and 6 levels. This is illustrated differently in figure. B. How Bohr describes the hydrogen spectra Bohrs model of the atom wad quite similar to that of Rutherfords with two important differences firstly, it assisted positions to the electrons, but secondly the electron energy level s were quantised. This was radically new, the idea that electrons had energy states and could absorb and emit energy to change states, and had no evidence. Bohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a spectral fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom. The Rydberg equation provided him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom. It leads him to going on to further his model and defines his postulate. So the hydrogen spectrum was important to the development of Bohrs model of the atom. The energy levels describe by Bohr is clearly marked. According to Bohr, the Balmer series (shown on the bottom of the diagram as the hydrogen spectrum) was cause by changing energy levels, in the process releasing light. As shown, larger energy changes produce more energetic photons, as seen in Balmers series, as further, this diagram shows how the Balmer series is formed by successive electron transition to the 2ndshell (transition to other shell produce additional lines named after their discoveries.) This is a great achievement that the Bohr s model is able to provide a physical basis for the Balmer series formula. From his second postulate E f Ei= hf. (i) states for initial energy level (f)states for final energy level Ei=1/ni2E1and Ef=1/nf2E1 hence: hf =1/ nf2E1-1/ ni2E1=(1/ nf2-1/ ni2) E1 And since c=fA=>A=c/f the expression reduces to 1/A=E1/hcX(1/ nf2-1/ ni2) where R states for Rydbergs constant, RH(hydrogen)1.097X 107m-1. By using the mixture of classical physics and quantum physics, Bohr was able to define the equation for the spectral lines of hydrogen. He didnt know why the electrons obeyed his rules. These were purely empirical results. Problems with the model For all the success, the Bohr model of the atom had serious limitations: It and ad hoc mixture of classical and quantum physics; it allows some laws of the classical physics held and others did not. Hydrogen has only one electron, and Bohrs postulate are only able to explain it. It cant work fo r multi-electron atoms. It could not explain the relative intensities of the spectral line; some lines were more intense to the others and it was not known why this should occur. Certain spectral line were foun of a number of very fine and close lines and the cause of these hyperfine spectral lines could not be explained. The splitting of spectral lines when the sample was placed in a magnetic field (called the Zeeman effect, and discussed below) could also not be explained. The postulates faced a problem that it is suited for larger atom. Hydrogen is the simplest atom containing only one electron. Similarity He+and Li+have one electron. Bohrs model works with theses atom and ions. In all the other atoms however the electron interact with each other. In a larger atoms the outer electrons are shielded from the nucleus by the inner electrons. Interaction between electrons also result in different energy levels. The affect Bohrs model to the extent that the spectra of multiple electrons could not be explain. When the spectrum of the hydrogen was examined it was noted that the emission line varied in intensity. Some were quite intense and others were less intense; some were sharp and some were boarder. The following figure. illustrate these differences. Bohrs model could not explain these features but later it was explained that electron orbited in a ellipse and not in a circles. As the developing of the light spectroscopes improved it was found that some of the spectral lines were made up with hyperfine lines. This suggestion spitted Bohrs energy level theory; however there was no explanation for this. The Zeeman Effect Zeeman Effect occurred when a magnetic field us pass through a discharge tube. The magnetic field increased the hyperfine splitting of spectral lines, further breaking them up. As the limitation, Bohrs model was unable to explain the experimental evidence. In 1896 a Dutch physics Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) found that when he placed a source of sodium light between the poles of a strong magnet the lines split into three or more. This could not explain by Bohrs model, The spectral line of some elements can even split to 15 lines. This is called the anomalous Zeeman effect. It cant be explain by that time, and it leads to the new developing of the model to explain it. This begin with the work of de Broglie. The following is the formal definition of Zeeman Effect: The splitting of single spectral lines of an emission or absorption spectrum of a substance into three or more components when the substance is placed in a magnetic field. The effect occurs when several electron orbits in the same shell, which normally have the same energy level, have different energies due to their different orientations in the magnetic field. A normal Zeeman Effectis observed when a spectral line of an atom splits into three lines under a magnetic field. Astronomers can use the Zeeman Effect to measure magnetic fields of stars. The following diagrams shows the normal spectral line and the Zeeman effect. References Textbooks 1. Excell HSC physics by Neville Warren published in 2007 2. Jacaranda Physics Second Edition published in 2004 3. Bohr and quantum theory by Paul Strathern in1998 4. Physics Spectrum by Peter H.Eastwell published by McGrathHill in 2000. Websites Ruthorford scattering experiment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering last updated 19 July 2008 http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/high/eng/exp-rutherford.html Atomic structure discovered http://www.neoam.cc.ok.us/~rjones/Pages/online1014/chemistry/chapter_8/pages/atomic_structure_discover.html Figures Figure1.Demorcuris http://www.dl.ac.uk/TCS/Software/DL_POLY/ATTIC/DEMOCRITUS/Pictures/democritus.jpg Figure2. Aristotle http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Images/aristotle.jpg Figure3. John Dalton http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s4.dalton.jpg Figure4. J.J Thomsonhttp://www.wired.com/images/article/full/2008/04/jj_thompson_400px.jpg Figure5.Henri Becquerelhttp://www.mlahanas.de/Physics/Bios/images/HenriBecquerel.jpg Figure6. Ernest Rutherfordhttp://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/n/T/rutherford1.jpg Figure7. Niels Bohrhttp://www.springtimepublishers.com/images/Niels_Bohr.jpg

Pre-1600 Styles in European Art Music :: essays research papers

Pre-1600 Styles in European Art Music The "old" European attitude, and the attitude that attracts many modern performers to early music, is exactly the opposite of the modern attitude: 1. Music is a strictly local expression, rich in variety since each culture expresses affective differences through art, 2. Music is a poetic process--complex, vague, and irrational--based upon borrowed traditional musical materials (melodies, rhythms, forms, etc.), 3. Music is for a religious, elitist-class performer who can understand and appreciate its mysterious nature and power, 4. Music is played softly in intimate gatherings, 5. Music making is the activity of Everyman, exacting the talents of variously trained amateurs who, with industry and practice, decorate their recreation and leisure in moments of social intercourse. In terms of the technical differences between the art music of early times and that of the modern period (i.e., after 1600) we can identify five specific features that make post-1600 styles in music sound more or less "familiar." 1. Wide-ranging, dynamically expressive tonal melodies are played in equal temperament and generated from logical tonal harmonic progressions. 2. A simple, isometric, and restricted rhythmic range is used. 3. The texture is homophonic, that is, a principal melody line with accompaniment. 4. Clear periodic formal structure is favored. 5. The instrumentarium is restricted and standardized. On the other hand, the pre-1600 styles in European art music are based upon the following features: 1. Narrow-ranging, dynamically restrained modal melodies are played in a variety of tuning temperaments that generate an "illogical" modal harmonic succession. 2. An unrestricted range of multimeters, polymeters, and complex rhythms are used. 3. A texture of two or more independent and equally important melodies accompany one another (i.e., polyphony). 4. The formal construction is often vague and unclear. 5. The instrumentarium is unrestricted and nonstandardized. Early music is chamber music par excellence. Superstar conductors, dramatic symphonic music, and large-scale virtuosic genres such as the concerto, opera, oratorio, and ballet belong to a later period and a different aesthetic. Early music involves a decidedly intimate approach to music making: the performers are equal partners who understand the science of composition and do much more than merely interpret the music of others--they recompose it during rehearsals and performances. In this regard, early music may be considered performer oriented (similar to jazz or Indian classical music). The performer thinks of himself or herself as a "student" (a Liebhaber, i.e., "lover") of music, and must be able to play several different instruments as well as sing.

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle Essay -- The City of God

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle â€Å"Justice removed, then, what are kingdoms but great bands of robbers?† (Augustine, The City of God against the Pagans, p. 147[1]). Augustine makes quite a claim here. The presence or absence of â€Å"justice,† he implies, can make or break a great kingdom. What is this justice that Augustine speaks of? Is it the philosopher kings that define Plato’s â€Å"just city[2],† or perhaps Aristotle’s â€Å"good life[3]†? Augustine approaches the challenge of defining justice in a different, but not necessarily contradictory way, than his predecessors. In The City of God against the Pagans, man’s relationship with justice is only secondary; for Augustine, justice is about God. The title of his book alone reveals that Augustine is deeply religious. Rarely in City of God is there a discussion that does not have divine elements or references, and his discussion of justice is no exception. For Augustine, justice seems to be the combination of two things: recognition by man of his place in the world below God, and strict (or as strict as possible by a mortal) observance of God’s laws. The second part is actually the easier one of the two to examine. Man is simply supposed to follow the teachings professed in Christianity’s religious texts to the best of his ability. The interpretation of the correct ways to follow those laws is another matter, but one that Augustine pays little attention to. Augustine’s attention is focused rather on man’s recognition of his place below God, and in a greater sense, on man’s respect for God. â€Å"†¦impeded by [man’s] own humility†¦especially when the divine providence justly resisted their pride, so that it might show by comparison with them that i... ...ry opinion would favor Aristotle, and I am inclined to agree. Aristotle’s secular, capitalist-tolerant view seems like it would jive more with today’s society than would Augustine’s deeply religious near-asceticism. In America, we live in a world of material possessions and manage to live better than citizens of any other nation, and most would agree we are not living in a world of sin or on the edge of turmoil. Then again, some would. Personally, I envision justice as a combination between ambition and moderation—right down Aristotle’s alley. In addition, I appreciate Aristotle’s optimism and faith in us mortals, optimism not as present in Augustine’s vision. [1] Augustine. The City of God against the Pagans. Trans. R. W. Dyson. Cambridge, 1998. [2] Plato’s Republic [3] Aristotle’s Politics [4] Aristotle. Politics. Trans. Ernest Barker. Oxford: 1995.

Idling Engine Ban

1. To what extent do you agree with the idling engine ban? A few years ago, the Environmental Protection Department proposed to legislate the idling engine ban, under which all vehicles must switch off their engines. I totally disagree with the idling engine ban, for I think that this policy not only cannot bring benefits to pedestrians in air quality, but instead brings harm to drivers and passengers. To start with, the idling engine ban brings inconvenience to drivers. As the idling engine ban proposes that a driver has to switch off their idle engines immediately, drivers had to switch of their engines even if they had to wait in a place for as short as 3 minutes. This abrupt switching off and on of the engine is not only bothersome to drivers, but may lead to a shorter lifespan of motor vehicles. Apart from the harm to the driver, a problem of poor ventilation is caused by the idling engine ban, which affects both drivers and passengers. As stated by the government, vehicles are the second largest local source of air pollutants. In the middle of the road where traffic is intense, if a driver has to switch off the air conditioner and open the windows, the driver and the passengers will breathe in harmful gases which will affect their health in the long term. Also, when the temperature reaches above 30 degrees in summer, drivers and passengers have a high chance of suffering from heat strokes if the air conditioner is turned off. To maintain a driver’s good condition of health is crucial when driving, therefore the idling engine ban is not feasible. Moreover, from the government’s perspective, it is difficult for the idling engine ban to be implemented. Firstly, a fine of $320 may not be severe enough to stop drivers from switching on their idling engines. Secondly, as there are many exemptions to the ban, the police will not be able to identify violating vehicles effectively. The usefulness of the ban would be greatly decreased. The government stated that the idling engine ban can reduce air pollution in Hong Kong as vehicles are a main pollutant. I agree that the ban can improve the health of Hong Kong citizens and pedestrians in particular, though only in a small extent. However, statistics show that emissions produced when vehicles are idle are only a small part of gas emitted by vehicles. In fact, running vehicles produce a major part of pollutants. Thus, I think that the idling engine ban is not significant enough; the government should consider alternatives to tackle the major problem of the increasing number of private cars to reduce air pollution. To conclude, the idling engine ban would cause inconvenience to drivers and affect the health of drivers and pedestrians. It would be difficult to implement and ineffective to reduce air pollution. Therefore, I totally disagree with the idling engine ban as it brings harmful effects to all stakeholders. 2. What can individuals, private organizations and the government do to ease the costs you have identified in Q1? In Q1, I have identified the costs of the idling engine ban as inconvenience to drivers, poor ventilation during hot weather, difficult implementation and insignificance in reducing air pollution. Firstly, if the idling engine ban was implemented, individual drivers can develop more self-discipline and abide to the laws so that gas emissions will decrease. They can also report on cases of violating the ban. The effectiveness of the ban would increase and implementation of the ban would be more successful. Individuals can also ride on public vehicles more often, so that the major source of air pollutants would be cut down. Secondly, private organizations such as environmental organizations can tell Hong Kong citizens the benefits of the idling engine ban through large-scale functions or advertisements, so that more drivers will see the meaning behind the ban and will not complain that it is inconvenient. They will obey the ban more strictly. Thirdly, the government can ease the poor ventilation during hot weather by changing the ban to allow exemption of all vehicles from switching off the idle engine when the temperature is over 30 degrees. Also, the government can increase the fine so that drivers would not violate the ban easily and it would be easier to implement the ban.